I'm a week late. I'll write a few notes from a Chinese perspective, although a Chinese born in the USA perspective. I'm doing this so if anyone comes up finding this thread, at least they have a well rounded view.
- Chinese is much more homogeneous than India because the actions of Qin Shin Huang.
- China has no history with a caste system, and arguable were entirely against it -- with the first meritocratic state, even if semi-functional.
- China's religions are merely religions in the any sense. Folk religions were never truly organized, never the need to spread. Confucianism never the had ability to divide into different conflicting interpretations. In the modern age, with the decline of belief in mysticism and superstitions, the people are effectively agnostic. Don't get me wrong, many Chinese believe in a god. They don't have a practice of spreading their ideas of god is. The people effectively act secular -- if they believe there is a god, they wouldn't behave any differently if they didn't believe in a god. For those who are atheistic, they have other concerns in life, like getting along or such.
- (continuation of the last point)The major religious war that was fought out with blood was the Taiping Rebellion. I know there's link about the Islamic conquest of India in this subreddit, but this wasn't so much of a foreigner with a different religion invading (Mongols already did that to China). This [Taiping Rebellion] was arguably a war that threatened the existence of China as one nation in the future. The result was a brutal, brutal repression fought to the death.
- Confucianism is obedience to the state.
- Organization of politics. Top down, Beijing has overwhelming, authoritarian powers, but rarely exercises it to the fullest. The provinces are essentially separate states where they it requires a passport to travel across, it requires a naturalization process to recieve government aid, and where each provincial governor can do whatever he wants to his citizens, as long Beijing is not upset.
- Autonomous regions are fully autonomous -- except they must obey Beijing. Tibet is still overwhelmingly Tibetan. They are not treated as second-class citizens ... China has affirmative actions in all their univeristies for their protected minorities. The cultural revolution avoided them Tibetans entirely.
- The cultural revolution truly did destroy most of the cultural artifacts/ art works of pre 1900 China.
- My last point will be a very over-generalization. Chinese people or rather the culture is rather adaptive, pragmatic, and not fundamental to any idea except to their allegiance to the state of China. If foreign people come, they will be accepted into China society entirely (with no prejudice) only as long 1) they swear their allegiance to the state 2) they speak/write fluent chinese. This is how all the different groups in China assimilated -- Manchu, Hui, Yue, etc. If any foreign ideology arises that is at the core not compatible with the native principles, but the people find favor with it -- the people will find a way to fuse the different thoughts together -- this is why Chinese folk religion is a mix of Daoism/Confucianism/Buddhism, each of which are fundamentally not compatible, but the Chinese people pick and choose what they like from it, and keep it to themselves. Same with how Mao brought over soviet capitalism, took the name, and applied it to farmer. It's the same how the post-Deng leadership can call themselves Communists and Capitalist at the same time.
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